Geophysical hazards stem from inherent geophysical processes within the Earth, encompassing phenomena such as tectonic activity, volcanic eruptions, and seismic events. These processes give rise to catastrophic events, including but not limited to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and sinkholes, among others. The occurrence of these hazards possesses the potential to cause substantial adverse ramifications upon human populations, infrastructure, and the environment.

It is important to note that while these events are classified as geophysical disasters, they are often interconnected with other natural and human-induced factors. Consequently, these geophysical hazards don’t always occur in isolation; they can intertwine with one another or with other factors caused by humans. This interaction can lead to a situation where these hazards happen alone or in conjunction with other hazards, making the overall effects they produce more substantial. This pertains not only to how extensive the impact is spread but also to the scale of the effects, how intense they are, and how long they persist. In essence, these hazards can become more formidable when they join forces with other factors, magnifying the challenges they pose.